Persian Input Methods

Contents

• 1  Introduction
  • 1.1  Goal: Widespread Usage of Persian in Emacs
  • 1.2  Goal: Widespread Adoption of Persian Blee
  • 1.3  Goal: Evaluation of Applicability of farsi-transliterate-banan to other User Environments
• 2  About this Document
• 3  Scope and Context
  • 3.1  Persian vs Farsi
    • 3.1.1  The Persian Language
  • 3.2  Terminology
  • 3.3  Overview of the Full Picture: The By* Halaal Digital Ecosystem
• 4  Persian With Emacs
  • 4.1  About Emacs
  • 4.2  Obtaining Emacs
    • 4.2.1  Obtaining Emacs Sources
    • 4.2.2  Binaries For Debian GNU/Linux and Ubuntu
    • 4.2.3  Binaries For MS Windows
  • 4.3  Obtaining Persian Blee
  • 4.4  Selecting Persian Language
  • 4.5  Selecting Persian Input Methods
  • 4.6  A Sample Farsi Editing Session
  • 4.7  Hints for Persian Characters (Unicode) Usage
  • 4.8  Hints for bidi Emacs Usage
  • 4.9  Multilingualization (M17n) of Spelling Dictionaries
• 5  Emacs Persian Input Methods
  • 5.1  farsi-isiri-9147 Persian Input Method
  • 5.2  farsi-transliterate-banan Persian Input Method
• 6  Relevant Standards/Specifications
  • 6.1  ISIRI-6219
  • 6.2  Suggested Enhancements For ISIRI-6219
    • 6.2.1  Clear labeling of ISIRI-6219 as the definition of Farsi Character Set
    • 6.2.2  Missing At Sign – ’@’
  • 6.3  ISIRI-9147
  • 6.4  Suggested Enhancements For ISIRI-9147
    • 6.4.1  Entry into Layer 3 with a Layer 1 Key instead of Alt
    • 6.4.2  Alternates For Shift-Space and Alt-Space
    • 6.4.3  Explicit Identification of Extensions Beyond ISIRI-6219
• 7  The Broader Scope Of farsi-transliterate-banan
• 8  History and Previous Work
• 9  Colophon
  • 9.1  Our Libre-Halaal Software Tools
  • 9.2  Our Libre-Halaal Internet Services

1  Introduction

There are several things we want to accomplish with this document.

1.1  Goal: Widespread Usage of Persian in Emacs

Our first goal in providing this document is to facilitate writing in Persian in the Halaal/Convivial quadrant.

That begins with the promotion of use of Emacs for writing in Persian. Emacs is the ne plus ultra Halaal/Convivial multi-lingual user environment in existence today. It is quite simply the best, far surpassing any other currently available toolset. For complete information about Emacs see http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/.

The word “Halaal” is very strong and very loaded. For our usage and meaning of this word see our document titled, Introducing Halaal and Haraam into Globish – Based on Moral Philosophy of Abstract Halaal [3] – معرفیِ حلال و حرام به بقیه‌یِ دنیا

For a definition of Halaal Software see our document titled, Defining Halaal Software and Defining Halaal Internet Services [2]. This document is also available in Farsi as [8]. – تعريف نرم افزار حلال و تعريف خدمات اينترنتى حلال

Our use of the terms “convivial” and “conviviality” is based on Ivan Illich’s Tools For Conviviality. For our use of these terms see our document titled, Introducing Convivial into Globish [1]. In that document we also define the “Halaal/Convivial Quadrant.”

Emacs has had full Unicode support for many years. Starting with Emacs 24, full native bidi (bidirectional) support is now also available. Multiple Persian input methods are part of the Emacs 24 distribution. These input methods are documented here.

Emacs comes with a rich mail reader, a personal planner, an address book, a calendar, spell checkers for English and Persian, multi-lingual dictionary interfaces and many other tools and packages; all integrated together. Because Emacs supports Persian, all these tools and packages also support Persian.

Most Iranians today use Microsoft Windows products such as MS Word and MS PowerPoint in the Haraam/Industrial quadrant. Microsoft Windows is closed, proprietary software made by an American corporation.

Our goal is to enable and encourage the transition of Iranians from the proprietary Microsoft Windows products in the Haraam/Industrial quadrant, to the far superior Emacs in the Halaal/Convivial quadrant.

This document provides enough information to enable anyone to obtain Emacs and begin using it as her/his Persian user environment.

1.2  Goal: Widespread Adoption of Persian Blee

Our second goal is to promote the use of Blee (the ByStar Libre Emacs Environment [5]) among Persian speakers in general, and Iranians in particular.

Blee is a layer above Emacs that integrates GNU/Linux capabilities into Emacs, and provides close integration with the ByStar Services. The ByStar Federation of Autonomous Libre Services is a unified Halaal services model, unifying and making consistent a large number of services that currently exist in functional isolation. It is a coherent, integrated family of services, providing the user with a comprehensive, all-encompassing Internet experience. For information about Libre Services see our document titled, Libre Services: A non-proprietary model for delivery of Internet services [7]. For information about the ByStar Federation see our document titled, The ByStar Federation of Autonomous Libre Services [4].

The present document provides enough information to allow a ByStar Autonomous Libre Service owner to use Blee as her/his Persian Halaal Software-Service Continuum.

1.3  Goal: Evaluation of Applicability of farsi-transliterate-banan to other User Environments

Our third goal in producing this document is to encourage adoption of the Multi-Character Persian Reverse Transliteration in other Halaal Digital environments in general, and in Gnome in particular.

This document provides enough information so that in addition to Emacs, implementation of the “Banan Multi-Character Transliteration Persian Input Method” is possible in other user environments.

2  About this Document

The primary URL for this document is: http://www.persoarabic.org/PLPC/120036. The pdf format is authoritative.

Distribution of this document is unrestricted. We encourage you to forward it to others.

We can benefit from your feedback. Please let us know your thoughts. You can send us your comments, criticisms and corrections via the URL http://mohsen.1.banan.byname.net/contact, or by email to feedback@ our base domain, which is mohsen.1.banan.byname.net.

We thank you for your assistance.

3  Scope and Context

Use of the Latin character keyboard to input Persian text into machines, and more generally use of the Latin alphabet for writing in Persian, is an old topic with a lot of history. We reference some of this history and prior work later in this document. See Section 8 for more information.

The terminology in this area is often ambiguous or misused, causing confusion when addressing this topic. In this document we will be consistent in our own terminology, taking pains to define the more ambiguous or problematic terms carefully. We do this by providing our own definitions, or by referencing external definitions.

3.1  Persian vs Farsi

Our use of the terms “Persian” and “Farsi” is consistent with the definitions of these terms established by the Society of Iranian Linguists. Their definitions are available at:
http://www.iranianlinguistics.org/page.cgi?page=persian

In the section below titled “Persian Language” we reproduce the relevant parts of their text.

The current implementation of Persian input methods for Emacs is for Farsi only. Thus in the current implementation the terms Persian and Farsi may be considered equivalent, and in the present version of this document we use these terms interchangeably.

We plan to expand the implementation in the future to include other Persian language variations.

3.1.1  The Persian Language

Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and has official-language status in these three countries.

There are three modern varieties of standard Persian:

• The Persian variety spoken in Iran has also been called Iranian Persian or Farsi. The writing system is an extended version of the Arabic script.
• Dari Persian has been used to refer to the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan and Uzbekistan. It uses the same writing system as Iranian Persian.
• Tajik or Tajiki Persian is the variety used in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Russia. Unlike the Persian used in Iran and Afghanistan, it is written in an extended version of the Cyrillic script.

3.2  Terminology

Here we reference the external definitions of various words we will use. Note that our reference to a Wikipedia article in the list below does not necessarily mean that we endorse or conform to their definition; it means only that it exists as an external definition and that we have made the trade-off of mentioning it.

Transliteration – نویسه گردانی:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration

Romanization:

In the context of Persian, this amounts to same thing as transliteration.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian

Latin vs Roman:

In the context of alphabets, we use these terms interchangeably.

Transcription:

This term is not used in this document.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)

Pinglish/Finglish:

An informal and loose transliteration for human-to-human communication. Pinglish is word oriented. The Multi-Character Transliteration Input method is character oriented.

Pinglish Web Services:

For example, behnevis.

Persian Multi-Character/Composite Transliteration:

Synonymous with Multi-Character Reverse Transliteration Input Method.

Persian Multi-Character/Compos-it Reverse Transliteration:

Transliteration was the process by which خ became “kh”. Now, the route by which “kh” is becoming خ is reverse-transliteration. But we continue to refer to it as transliteration. farsi-transliterate-banan defined in this document is an example of the Multi-Character Reverse Transliteration Input Method. See Section 5.2 for details.

Input Method / Emacs Input Method:

An "input method" is a kind of character conversion designed specifically for interactive input.

Mapping Input Method:

This simplest kind of input method works by mapping ASCII letters into another alphabet; this allows you to use one other alphabet instead of ASCII.

Composite Input Method:

A more powerful technique is composition: converting sequences of characters into one letter. For example “kh” becomes خ.

3.3  Overview of the Full Picture: The By* Halaal Digital Ecosystem

This document is part of a bigger picture.

We want the world to move towards Halaal Software, and Halaal Internet Services.

The totality of our work is directed towards creation of the ByStar Halaal Digital Ecosystem, as a moral alternative to the proprietary American digital ecosystem. An overview of this is provided in our document titled, The ByStar Halaal/Libre Digital Ecosystem: A Moral Alternative to the Proprietary American Digital Ecosystem [6], available on-line at: http://www.persoarabic.org/PLPC/180016. In that document we present a complete picture for establishing a model and process that can redirect the manner of existence of software and Internet services towards safeguarding humanity. We also describe the framework that is already in place for collaboration and we invite you to participate in this work.

4  Persian With Emacs

This information applies to emacs version 24.2.50.1 or higher.

Enabling Persian in Emacs is very simple.

If you already are an emacs user, you can skip over to section 4.3 and continue reading from there.

If you are completely new to emacs, the information below is sufficient to permit you to install emacs, enable Persian and start using emacs as your Persian user environment.

4.1  About Emacs

Emacs is world’s most potent multilingual editor-centered user experience platform. Emacs comes with a rich mail reader, a personal planner, an address book, a calendar, spell checkers for English and Persian, multi-lingual dictionary interfaces and many other tools and packages; all integrated together. Because Emacs supports Persian, all these tools and packages also support Persian.

Some useful links to emacs related resources are included below:

• GNU Emacs home page
• Guided Tour of Emacs
• Emacs manual
• Intro to elisp
• Emacs lisp manual

4.2  Obtaining Emacs

Emacs is halaal/libre/free software.

The primary access page for emacs is:

You can obtain the sources for emacs and build it yourself or you can obtain pre-built binaries.

Instructions for obtaining emacs in various forms and for various platforms are also included below.

4.2.1  Obtaining Emacs Sources

When Emacs 24.3 is released You can obtain the source for emacs 24.3 with:

The latest version from the repository trunk can be obtained with:

Then you can build emacs from sources by following the instructions.

4.2.2  Binaries For Debian GNU/Linux and Ubuntu

Snapshots of the repository trunk are regularly built for Debian and Ubuntu. You can obtain these from:

Once Emacs 24 is included in distributions of Debian and Ubuntu, all you have to do is:

4.2.3  Binaries For MS Windows

We do not encourage use of any software on the proprietary/haraam Microsoft Windows platform. From the Halaal Software perspective, use of any software under Windows is at best makruh – مکروه . Use GNU/Linux instead.

Snapshots of the repository trunk are regularly built for MS Windows. You can obtain these from:

4.3  Obtaining Persian Blee

Blee (the ByStar Libre Emacs Environment [5] is a layer above Emacs that integrates GNU/Linux capabilities into Emacs, and provides close integration with the ByStar Services. The ByStar Federation of Autonomous Libre Services [4] is a unified Halaal services model, unifying and making consistent a large number of services that currently exist in functional isolation.

Information about obtaining Blee can be found at: http://www.persoarabic.org/PLPC/180004

4.4  Selecting Persian Language

Using Emacs menus, select:
“Options” - “Multilingual Environment” - “Set Language Environment” - “Persian”.

Or you can select the Persian language with Emacs commands.

The notation “M-:” in the following commands means you press the “Meta” key (often the Esc key) followed by “:”. The “M-:” is then followed by the elisp form. For some commands the “M-:” does not appear; in this case you just need to eval the elisp form.

To see language environment settings, using Emacs menus, select:
“Options” - “Multilingual Environment” - “Describe Language Environment” - “Persian”.

or invoke the Emacs command:

4.5  Selecting Persian Input Methods

Emacs comes with two built-in Persian input methods:

farsi-isiri-9149:

A Persian keyboard based on the Islamic Republic of Iran’s ISIRI-9147 specification. See Section 5.1 for details.

farsi-transliterate-banan:

An intuitive transliteration keyboard for Farsi. See Section 5.2 for details.

With Plain Emacs

With the language environment set to “Persian”, using Emacs menus, select:
“Options” - “Multilingual Environment” - “Toggle Input Method”.

Now, your keyboard is configured for Persian as farsi-transliterate-banan.

To activate the ISIRI-9147 keyboard, enter the command:

To activate the transliterate keyboard, enter the command:

Alternatively you can select these options from the “Options-Multilingual Environment” menu.

To toggle back to the English keyboard type C-\ (hold down the Ctrl key while typing the character \).

To see a description of either input method, use the commands:

With Persian Blee

Using Persian Blee, just press the F6 key twice. Your input method and language environment (spell checking, dictionaries, etc.) are then all set to Persian.

Press the F6 twice again to toggle back to the English keyboard.

4.6  A Sample Farsi Editing Session

Let’s start from scratch and walk through the steps involved in writing a simple sentence both in Farsi and in English.

• Install Emacs 24 on your system based on the information in section 4.1.
• Open a file: (for example “example.fa”)
  Menu:”File” - “Visit New File” - “example.fa”
• Select Persian Language (section 4.3)
  Menu: “Options” - “Multilingual Environment” - “Describe Language Environment” - “Persian”.
• Select the farsi-transliterate-banan Persian Input Method (section 4.4)
  Menu: “Options” - “Multilingual Environment” - “Toggle Input Method”
• Consider that we want to write:
  
  حالا، با نرم افزار حلال میتوانیم به فارسی سالم و خوش بنویسیم.
• Note that we are not writing in pinglish. Ignore the vowels and think of the Persian writing above letter-by-letter.
  Now type:

  Hala, ba nrm afzar Hlal mitvanim bh farsi salm v khush bnvisim.
  

• Toggle back to English C-\ or
  Menu: “Options” - “Multilingual Environment” - “Toggle Input Method”
• Now enter something in English, for example:

  Now, with Halaal software we can write well in Persian.
  

  Note that the empty line between the Farsi paragraph and the English paragraph properly took care of directionality.
• We are done, so let’s save the file and close this buffer.
  Menu: “File” - “Save”.
  Menu: “File” - “Close”.

Kool!

With Emacs, you are using world’s most potent multilingual editor-centered user experience platform. And it is Halaal/Libre/Free. And it is Gratis/Free-of-Charge. And it has everything – a Persian spell checker, an email interface, calendar, address book, personal planner, ...

To learn more and explore more, you can try:
Menu: “Help” - “Read the Emacs Manual”.
and
Menu: “Help” - “Tutorial”.

Also, some Persian specific help is included below.

4.7  Hints for Persian Characters (Unicode) Usage

As you are writing in Persian, you may want to know exactly what Unicode character is at the cursor. To do that place point on the character, then enter the following commands:

For example, to verify consistency between this document and code, place the cursor on the character and with “ctl+x =” verify that the Unicode hex numbers match.

To enter a Unicode character directly in decimal or hex:

4.8  Hints for bidi Emacs Usage

Sometimes you may want to specify the directionality explicitly (i.e. left-to-right or right-to-left).

With Plain Emacs

Here are some of the basic Emacs bidi controls:

See the Emacs documentation for more.

With Persian Blee

The keystroke combinations F6-1 and F6-2 are bound to toggle display-reordering.

4.9  Multilingualization (M17n) of Spelling Dictionaries

Debian/Ubuntu includes a Persian dictionary that can also be used with Emacs.

With Plain Emacs

First you need to obtain the spelling dictionary. Enter the following command:

Next you need to let Emacs know that you want to use the Persian spelling dictionary.

With Persian Blee

As already noted, pressing the F6 key twice toggles your input method. This also toggles your language environment. ispell/aspell is then configured to work with multiple dictionaries.

So there is nothing else you need to do.

5  Emacs Persian Input Methods

At this time there are two Persian input methods supported in Emacs:

farsi-isiri-9149:

A Persian keyboard based on the Islamic Republic of Iran’s ISIRI-9147 specification.

farsi-transliterate-banan:

An intuitive transliteration keyboard for Farsi.

These are described in the following sections.

5.1  farsi-isiri-9147 Persian Input Method

In Emacs this input method is labeled farsi-isiri-9147. It is based on the ISIRI 9147 – 1st edition. ISIRI-9147 defines the layout of Iran’s Persian keyboard. See section 6.3 and section 6.1 for more information.

Layers 1, 2 and 3 of ISIRI-9147 are fully implemented with the exception of the Backslash ’\’ , Alt-Backslash, Shift-Space and Alt-Space keys.

The Backslash key is used to replace کلید با دگر ساز راست‌ (the Alt or Meta key).

Layer 3 is then entered with the Backslash key, and Layer 3 is implemented as two-letter key combinations as specified in ISIRI-9147.

The character corresponding to Backslash is entered with Backslash-Backslash. Alt-Backslash has been moved to Backslash-r. Shift-Space has been moved to Backslash-y. Alt-Space has been moved to Backslash-t.

With these modifications farsi-isiri-9147 is a full implementation of ISIRI-9147. In addition, with these modifications this implementation is ascii input stream based, as well as being a keyboard layout.

If a key on Layer 1 were reserved to replace دگر ساز راست‌ (the Alt or Meta key), then farsi-isiri-9147 would be fully compliant, without needing the above description/modifications.

Perhaps this can be considered a defect in the base ISIRI-9147 specification, to be addressed in the next revision.

All inputs for each Persian letter Unicode for farsi-isiri-9147 are shown in Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9 and Table 10.

5.2  farsi-transliterate-banan Persian Input Method

In Emacs this input method is labeled farsi-transliterate-banan.

The ISIRI-9147 Persian keyboard is not well suited to Iranian expatriates living in the West. Persian-speaking expatriates are usually already completely familiar and accustomed to the standard qwerty keyboard, and they don’t want to have to learn and adapt to ISIRI-9147. Rather, they expect software to adapt to them.

This is what the farsi-transliterate-banan – “Banan Multi-Character (Reverse) Transliteration Persian Input Method” – accomplishes. This input method addresses the needs of a user who:

• Can write in Farsi (not just speak it).
• Is familiar with and accustomed to the qwerty Latin keyboard.
• Is unfamiliar with ISIRI-9147 and does not wish to learn it.
• Writes and otherwise communicates in mixed Globish/Persian, not pure Persian.
• Is intuitively familiar with the transliteration of Farsi/Persian into Latin based on two-letter phonetic mapping to Persian characters. (For example: gh ق – kh خ – sh ش – ch چ – zh ژ ).

The transliteration keyboard is intuitive in design, so that the mappings are natural and easy to remember for a Persian writer. It provides equivalent capability to farsi-isiri-9147, allowing input of all characters enumerated in ISIRI-6219.

farsi-transliterate-banan is phonetically oriented. But it is very different from Pinglish. Pinglish is word-oriented, where you sound out the word using Latin letters, including the vowels. farsi-transliterate-banan is letter-oriented, where you type the Latin letter(s) closest to the Persian letter, and usually omit vowels.

For some Persian characters there are multiple ways of inputting the same character. For example both “i” and “y” produce ی. For یک “yk”, “y” is more natural, and for این “ain”, “i” is more natural.

The more commonly used letters are mapped to lower case; the less commonly used letters are mapped to upper case. For example “s” is س while “S” is ص. And “h” is ه while “H” is ح. Table 1 shows these mappings.

Postfix composition is based on “h”. The letter “h” is used as a postfix for the following two-character mappings: gh ق – kh خ – sh ش – ch چ – zh ژ – Th ة – Yh ی. Table 2 shows these mappings.

Prefix composition is based on the prefix characters \, & and /.

Prefix letter \ is used for two-character inputs when an alternative form of a letter is desired. For example \− is “÷” while − is “−”.

Prefix letter & is used for multi-character inputs when special characters are desired based on their abbreviated name. For example you can enter ‎ to enter the “LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK” character.

Prefix letter / is used to provide two specific characters. / is “ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER” and // is /.

The letter “h” is used in a number of two-character postfix mappings; for example “sh” ش. So if you need the sequence “s” then “h” you have to repeat the “s”. For example: سهم = ’s’ ’s’ ’h’ ’m’.

Table 1 shows the single-character keyboard layout for farsi-transliterate-banan. It is based on the results of (describe-input-method ’farsi-transliterate-banan).

Table 2 shows the multi-character mappings for farsi-transliterate-banan. It is based on the results of (describe-input-method ’farsi-transliterate-banan).

All inputs for each Persian letter Unicode for farsi-transliterate-banan are shown in Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9 and Table 10.

---

۱!

۲ْ

۳ً

۴ٰ

۵٪

۶َ

۷&

۸*

۹(

۰)

-ـ

=+

ّٔ

‬غ‌ق

عء

ٍِ

رR

ت‌ط

ی‌ي

و ٓ

ی‌ئ

ٌُ

پP

[{

]}

اآ

س‌ص

دٱ

ف‌إ

گ‌غ

ه‌ح

ج‍

ک‌ك

لL

؛:

’"

زذ

ض‌ظ

ث ٕ

وؤ

بB

ن«

م»

،<

.>

/؟

Table 1: Banan Transliteration Keyboard Layout for Single Keys

---

---

ch

چ

kh

خ

sh

ش

zh

ژ

gh

ق

Gh

غ

hh

ح

Yh

ى

Th

ة

Table 2: Banan Transliteration of “h” Postfix Multi Keys Mappings

---

---

	farsi	Emacs	Uni-
فارسى	transliterate	ISIR	code	Unicode Name	نامِ نویسه
	banan	9147	Hex
ء	W	M	0621	ARABIC LETTER HAMZA	حرف فارسی همزه
آ	A	H	0622	ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE	حرف فارسی الف با کلاه
ا	a	h	0627	ARABIC LETTER ALEF	حرف فارسی الف
أ	\a	G	0623	ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA ABOVE	حرف فارسی الف با همزه بالا
ب	b	f	0628	ARABIC LETTER BEH	حرف فارسی ب
پ	p	m	067e	ARABIC LETTER PEH	حرف فارسی پ
ت	t tt	j	062a	ARABIC LETTER TEH	حرف فارسی ت
ث	c cc	e	062b	ARABIC LETTER THEH	حرف فارسی ث
ج	j	[	062c	ARABIC LETTER JEEM	حرف فارسی جیم
چ	ch	]	0686	ARABIC LETTER TCHEH	حرف فارسی چ
ح	H hh	p	062d	ARABIC LETTER HAH	حرف فارسی ح
خ	kh	o	062e	ARABIC LETTER KHAH	حرف فارسی خ
د	d	n	062f	ARABIC LETTER DAL	حرف فارسی دال
ذ	Z	b	0630	ARABIC LETTER THAL	حرف فارسی ذال
ر	r	v	0631	ARABIC LETTER REH	حرف فارسی ر
ز	z zz	c	0632	ARABIC LETTER ZAIN	حرف فارسی ز
ژ	zh	C	0698	ARABIC LETTER JEH	حرف فارسی ژ
س	s ss	s	0633	ARABIC LETTER SEEN	حرف فارسی سین
ش	sh	a	0634	ARABIC LETTER SHEEN	حرف فارسی شین
ص	S	w	0635	ARABIC LETTER SAD	حرف فارسی صاد
ض	x	q	0636	ARABIC LETTER DAD	حرف فارسی ضاد
ط	T TT	x	0637	ARABIC LETTER TAH	حرف فارسی طا
ظ	X	z	0638	ARABIC LETTER ZAH	حرف فارسی ظا
ع	w	u	0639	ARABIC LETTER AIN	حرف فارسی عین
غ	q Gh G GG	y	063a	ARABIC LETTER GHAIN	حرف فارسی غین
ف	f	t	0641	ARABIC LETTER FEH	حرف فارسی ف
ق	gh Q	r	0642	ARABIC LETTER QAF	حرف فارسی قاف
ک	k kk	;	06a9	ARABIC LETTER KEHEH	حرف فارسی کاف
گ	g gg	’	06af	ARABIC LETTER GAF	حرف فارسی گاف
ل	l	g	0644	ARABIC LETTER LAM	حرف فارسی لام
م	m	l	0645	ARABIC LETTER MEEM	حرف فارسی میم
ن	n	k	0646	ARABIC LETTER NOON	حرف فارسی نون
و	u v	,	0648	ARABIC LETTER WAW	حرف فارسی واو
ؤ	V	A	0624	ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH HAMZA ABOVE	حرف فارسی واو با همزه بالا
ه	h Hh	i	0647	ARABIC LETTER HEH	حرف فارسی ه
ی	i y	d	06cc	ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH	حرف فارسی ی
ئ	I	S	0626	ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE	حرف فارسی ی با همزه بالا

Table 3: Main Letters: Mapping of Persian Unicode to farsi-transliterate-banan – Matching Table 5 of isiri-6219

---

---

	farsi	Emacs	Uni-
فارسى	transliterate	ISIR	code	Unicode Name	نامِ نویسه
	banan	9147	Hex
إ	F	F	0625	ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA BELOW	حرف فارسی الف با همزه پایین
ٱ	D	\h	0671	ARABIC LETTER ALEF WASLA	حرفِ الفِ وصل
ك	K	Z	0643	ARABIC LETTER KAF	حرف کاف عربی
ة	Th	Z	0629	ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA	حرف ت گرد
ي	Y YY	D	064a	ARABIC LETTER YEH	حرف ی عربی نقطه دار
ى	Yh	V	0649	ARABIC LETTER ALEF MAKSURA	حرف ی عربی بی نقطه

Table 4: Arabic Letters: Mapping of Persian Unicode to farsi-transliterate-banan – Matching Table 6 of isiri-6219

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	farsi	Emacs	Uni-
فارسى	transliterate	ISIR	code	Unicode Name	نامِ نویسه
	banan	9147	Hex
۰	0	0	06f0	EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO	رقم فارسی صفر
۱	1	1	06f1	EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ONE	رقم فارسی یک
۲	2	2	06f2	EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO	رقم فارسی دو
۳	3	3	06f3	EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE	رقم فارسی سه
۴	4	4	06f4	EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR	رقم فارسی چهار
۵	5	5	06f5	EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FIVE	رقم فارسی پنج
۶	6	6	06f6	EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SIX	رقم فارسی شش
۷	7	7	06f7	EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SEVEN	رقم فارسی هفت
۸	8	8	06f8	EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT EIGHT	رقم فارسی هشت
۹	9	9	06f9	EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT NINE	رقم فارسی نه
٫	@	/	066b	ARABIC DECIMAL SEPARATOR	ممیز فارسی
٬	\,	U	066c	ARABIC THOUSAND SEPARATOR	جدا کننده هزارهای فارسی
٪	%	%	066a	ARABIC PERCENT SIGN	درصد فارسی
+	+	+	002b	PLUS SIGN	علامت به اضافه
-	-	-	2212	MINUS SIGN	علامت منها
×	\*	^	066a	MULTIPLICATION SIGN	علامت ضرب
÷	\-	~	00f7	DIVISION SIGN	علامت تقسیم
<	<	>	003c	ARABIC LESS THAN SIGN	علامت کوچکتر
=	=	=	003d	EQUAL SIGN	علامت مساوی
>	>	<	003e	ARABIC GREATER THAN SIGN	علامت بزرگتر

Table 5: Digits and Math Signs: Mapping of Persian Unicode to farsi-transliterate-banan – Matching Table 4 of isiri-6219

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	farsi	Emacs	Uni-
فارسى	transliterate	ISIR	code	Unicode Name	نامِ نویسه
	banan	9147	Hex
			0020	SPACE	فاصله
.	.	.	002e	FULL STOP	نقطه
:	:	:	003a	COLON	دونقطه
!	!	!	0021	EXCLAMATION POINT	علامت تعجب
…	\.	\m	2026	HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS	سه نقطه فارسی
-	-	-	2010	HYPHEN	خط تیره
-	-	-	002d	MINUS OR HYPHEN	تیره منها
|	|	|	007c	VERTICAL BAR	خط عمودی
/	//	/	002f	SLASH	خط اریب
\	\ \\	\\	005c	BACKSLASH	خط اریب وارو
*	*	*	002a	ASTERISK	ستاره
)	)	(	0028	ARABIC OPENING PARANTHESIS	پرانتز باز
(	(	)	0029	ARABIC CLOSING PARANTHESIS	پرانتز بسته
]	]	O	005b	ARABIC OPENING BRACKET	کروشه باز
[	[	P	005d	ARABIC CLOSING BRACKET	کروشه بسته
}	}	{	007b	ARABIC OPENING BRACE	آکولاد باز
{	{	}	007d	ARABIC CLOSING BRACE	آکولاد بسته
»	\> M	K	00bb	RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK	گیومه باز
«	\< N	L	00ab	LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK	گیومه بسته

Table 6: Common Punctuation Marks: Mapping of Persian Unicode to farsi-transliterate-banan – Matching Table 2 of isiri-6219

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	farsi	Emacs	Uni-
فارسى	transliterate	ISIR	code	Unicode Name	نامِ نویسه
	banan	9147	Hex
،	,	T	060c	ARABIC COMMA	ویرگول فارسی
؛	;	Y	061b	ARABIC SEMICOLON	نقطه ویرگول فارسی
؟	?	?	061f	ARABIC QUESTION MARK	علامت سوال فارسی
ـ	_	J	0640	ARABIC TATWEEL	کشیدگی فارسی

Table 7: Persian Punctuation Marks: Mapping of Persian Unicode to farsi-transliterate-banan – Matching Table 3 of isiri-6219

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	farsi	Emacs	Uni-
فارسى	transliterate	ISIR	code	Unicode Name	نامِ نویسه
	banan	9147	Hex
	‍J ‍		200d	ZERO WIDTH JOINER	اتصال مجازی
	‎		200e	LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK	نشانه چپ به راست
	‏		200f	RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK	نشانه راست به چپ
	&ls ;		2028	LINE SEPARATOR	جدا کننده سطرها
	&ps;		2029	PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR	جدا کننده بندها
	&lre;		202a	LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING	زیر متن چپ به راست
	&rle;		202b	RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING	زیر متن راست به چپ
	&pdf;		202c	POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING	پایان زیر متن
	&lro;		202d	LEFT-TO-RIGHT OVERRIDE	زیر متن اکیداْ چپ به راست
	&rlo;		202e	RIGHT-TO-LEFT OVERRIDE	زیر متن اکیداْ راست به چپ
	&bom;		feff	BYTE ORDER MARK	نشانه ترتیب بایت‌ها

Table 8: Control Mark Ups: Mapping of Persian Unicode to farsi-transliterate-banan – Matching Table 1 of isiri-6219

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	farsi	Emacs	Uni-
فارسى	transliterate	ISIR	code	Unicode Name	نامِ نویسه
	banan	9147	Hex
َ	^	U	064e	ARABIC FATHA	زبر
ِ	e	Y	0650	ARABIC KASRA	زير
ُ	o	T	064f	ARABIC DAMMA	پيش – ضمه
ً	#	R	064b	ARABIC FATHATAN	دو زبر
ٍ	E	E	064b	ARABIC KASRATAN	دو زير
ٌ	O	W	064c	ARABIC DAMMATAN	دو پیش
ّ	~	I	0651	ARABIC SHADDA	تشديد
ْ	@	Q	0652	ARABIC SUKUN	ساکن
ٓ	U	X	0653	ARABIC MADA	مد
ٔ	`	N	0654	ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE	همزه فارسی بالا
ٕ	C	\n	0655	ARABIC HAMZA BELOW	همزه فارسی پایین
ٰ	$	V	0670	ARABIC LETTER SUPERSCRIPT ALEF	الف مقصوره

Table 9: Persian Signs: Mapping of Persian Unicode to farsi-transliterate-banan – Matching Table 7 of isiri-6219

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	farsi	Emacs	Uni-
فارسى	transliterate	ISIR	code	Unicode Name	نامِ نویسه
	banan	9147	Hex
@	\@		0040	COMMERCIAL AT	علامت در
0	\0		0030	DIGIT ZERO	رقم صفر لاتین
1	\1		0031	DIGIT ONE	رقم یک لاتین
2	\2		0032	DIGIT TWO	رقم دو لاتین
3	\3		0033	DIGIT THREE	رقم سه لاتین
4	\4		0034	DIGIT FOUR	رقم چهار لاتین
5	\5		0035	DIGIT FIVE	رقم پنج لاتین
6	\6		0036	DIGIT SIX	رقم شش لاتین
7	\7		0037	DIGIT SEVEN	رقم هفت لاتین
8	\8		0038	DIGIT EIGHT	رقم هشت لاتین
9	\9		0039	DIGIT NINE	رقم نه لاتین

Table 10: Extensions: Mapping of Persian Unicode to farsi-transliterate-banan

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	Banan	Emacs	Uni-
فارسى	Reverse	ISIR	code	Unicode Name	نامِ نویسه عربی
	Translit	9147	Hex
‭ۀ			06c0‬	ARABIC LETTER HEH WITH YEH ABOVE	حرفِ هِ اردو با همزه‌ی بالا
۰			0660	ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO	رقم صفر عربی
١			0661	ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ONE	رقم یک عربی
٢			0662	ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO	رقم دو عربی
٣			0663	ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE	رقم سه عربی
٤			0664	ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR	رقم چهار عربی
٥			0665	ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FIVE	رقم پنج عربی
٦			0666	ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SIX	رقم شش عربی
٧			0667	ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SEVEN	رقم هفت عربی
٨			0668	ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT EIGHT	رقم هشت عربی
٩			0669	ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT NINE	رقم نه عربی

Table 11: Forbidden Characters: Mapping of Persian Unicode to farsi-transliteration-banan – – Matching Table 8 of isiri-6219

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6  Relevant Standards/Specifications

We have put together a repository of standards/specifications which are relevant to Persian input methods. That repository is at: http://www.persoarabic.org/standards

Legitimacy of any of these documents as standards is not our focus or concern. We have included them here because they are relevant and useful.

6.1  ISIRI-6219

Based on Unicode, ISIRI-6219 defines the Farsi Character Set. Its full title is:

Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran
Information Technology – Persian Information Interchange and Display Mechanism, using Unicode
ISIRI-6219
Final Version

Published at:
http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/6219.htm
and republished at:
http://www.persoarabic.org/Repub/fpf-isiri-6219

6.2  Suggested Enhancements For ISIRI-6219

During the process of developing farsi-transliterate-banan we studied ISIRI-6219. Here are some of our comments and some suggestions.

6.2.1  Clear labeling of ISIRI-6219 as the definition of Farsi Character Set

ISIRI-6219 does many things. It defines the Farsi Character Set and it also includes translation of various global specifications.

ISIRI-6219 does not clearly say that it primarily defines Iran’s Farsi Character Set.

On the title page and early in the specification it should explicitly make it clear that ISIRI-6219 defines the Farsi Character Set for Iran. Something along the lines of:

Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran
Information Technology – Layout of Persian Letters and Symbols on Computer Keyboards
ISIRI 9147 -- 1st edition